Kuala lumpur: The no free single-use plastic bag campaign is arguably the only public policy in Malaysia's recent history that has had such a profound impact and consequences that extend far beyond its intended scope, sustainability and solid waste management experts said.

According to BERNAMA News Agency, freelance solid waste consultant Khor Hung Teik stated that the policy not only reduced the number of plastic bags used but also changed the landscape of solid waste management in the country since it began on July 6, 2009. Khor emphasized that the policy has transformed consumer behavior, led to the creation of new products and marketing strategies, and fostered a sustainable living ecosystem over the past two decades.

Khor, who was part of Penang's Socio-economic and Environmental Research Institute and worked closely with Datuk Seri Phee Boon Poh, the policy's champion, recalled the initial resistance from the public. He noted that although people were initially unhappy about the lack of free plastic bags, widespread adoption occurred due to campaigns and increased awareness. Furthermore, supermarkets realized significant cost savings by not providing free plastic bags, which contributed to the policy's acceptance.

Penang Green Council chief executive officer Josephine Tan Mei Ling highlighted that the policy's success in Penang inspired other states to consider similar initiatives. She revealed that Penang plans to introduce a full ban on single-use plastic bags by September 1, 2026, following a phased awareness period. A nationwide agreement in 2022 also led to the implementation of a minimum 20 sen pollution charge for each bag.

Tan emphasized that the policy's waste reduction success is evident, as data consistently showed decreased bag demand and waste generation with each implementation stage. A significant factor in the policy's success was the availability of alternative recyclable bags, which have become an industry of their own. These bags range from basic designs to more durable and cooler bags, with some offering lifetime exchanges.

However, the popularity of recyclable bags has led to an oversupply, prompting the Penang Green Council to introduce Rebag Stations at shopping malls. These stations allow people to donate surplus bags, which shoppers can take for free, reducing the need to purchase new ones. Tan expressed pride in her involvement with the policy since 2012, noting that Penangites often share their recycling habits when traveling, sparking conversations about the policy.

This is the first article of a two-article series examining the no free single-use plastic bag policy introduced in 2009 and its impact on Malaysia's solid waste management landscape.